- if A and B ARE mutually exclusive then the events cannot occur at the same time
- Then there is no intersection
- Since they cannot both occur so in that case it's just P(A) + P(B)
- For NON mutually exclusive events they can both occur at the same time
- so we have an intersection of the events A and B, so we still have P(A) + P(B) but now see if we add A and B we are also adding the intersected part, so really adding a part of A and a Part of B twice so to just get A or B we have to remove that part, so subtract off P(A and B)
Friday, March 31, 2017
Monday, March 20, 2017
hypothesis test for proportions, things to remember
Here's a few things to remember
Z scores for proportion
(p^ - p)/square root(p*(1-p)/n)
Z for difference of two proportion
(p1^ - p2^)/square root(p-bar(1-p-bar)/n1 + (p-bar(1-p-bar)/n2))
p-bar = (x1 +x2)/(n1 + n2)
Note that p-bar might also be noted at p-pooled
For hypotheses, remember that Ho always contains = and Ha contains <, > or "does not equal"
Confidence intervals for single proportion
p^ +/- Z*square root(p^(1-p^)/n)
For difference of two propotions
p1^ - p2^ +/- Z*square root(p1^(1-p1^)/n1 + p2^(1-p2^)/n2)
Z values for confidence intervals
90% = 1.645
95% = 1.96
98% = 2.33
99% = 2.575
You can also get these from Z chart
P-values are the value from the Z chart for corresponding Z score if Ha contains < and 1- value from the Z chart for corresponding Z score if Ha contains >. If Ha is "does not equal" you take 1 - value from the Z chart for corresponding Z score then multiply the result by 2.
You can also get p-values from Z scores using the link below.
http://www.socscistatistics.com/pvalues/normaldistribution.aspx
Z scores for proportion
(p^ - p)/square root(p*(1-p)/n)
Z for difference of two proportion
(p1^ - p2^)/square root(p-bar(1-p-bar)/n1 + (p-bar(1-p-bar)/n2))
p-bar = (x1 +x2)/(n1 + n2)
Note that p-bar might also be noted at p-pooled
For hypotheses, remember that Ho always contains = and Ha contains <, > or "does not equal"
Confidence intervals for single proportion
p^ +/- Z*square root(p^(1-p^)/n)
For difference of two propotions
p1^ - p2^ +/- Z*square root(p1^(1-p1^)/n1 + p2^(1-p2^)/n2)
Z values for confidence intervals
90% = 1.645
95% = 1.96
98% = 2.33
99% = 2.575
You can also get these from Z chart
P-values are the value from the Z chart for corresponding Z score if Ha contains < and 1- value from the Z chart for corresponding Z score if Ha contains >. If Ha is "does not equal" you take 1 - value from the Z chart for corresponding Z score then multiply the result by 2.
You can also get p-values from Z scores using the link below.
http://www.socscistatistics.com/pvalues/normaldistribution.aspx
Monday, March 6, 2017
Finding half life
Solving for the half life is easy.
Suppose A(t) = Ao*e^(-4t)
To find the half life, let A(t) = (1/2)Ao
(1/2)Ao = Ao*e^(-4t)
1/2 = e^(-4t)
ln (1/2) = ln(e^(-4t))
ln (1/2) = -4t
t = (-1/4)ln(1/2)
Suppose A(t) = Ao*e^(-4t)
To find the half life, let A(t) = (1/2)Ao
(1/2)Ao = Ao*e^(-4t)
1/2 = e^(-4t)
ln (1/2) = ln(e^(-4t))
ln (1/2) = -4t
t = (-1/4)ln(1/2)
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